Sign up to our free Indy100 weekly newsletter. Were focused on legacy, not leverage.. But what is it?
PGA Tour-LIV Golf merger explained: What to know about deal Be the first one to comment on this story. The hearing underscored that the PGA Tour still may not be sure what exactly it signed up for. 1 Scottie Scheffler, Jon Rahm, Collin Morikawa, Justin Thomas, Jordan Spieth and Brooks Koepka have also said they will not defect to the SGL. "The more we know, the more we can support the values and freedoms that we have espoused here today," Blumenthal said. The idea of a breakaway circuit from the PGA Tour is far from a novel idea; the PGA Tour itself came to pass after players split from the PGA of America in 1967 to form the Tournament Players Division. However, the PIFthe sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia, which, according to the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, has $580 billion in assetseventually backed another entity in the newly formed LIV Golf Investments. LIV is the Roman numeral for 54, the number of holes in each tournament (more on . Other confirmed pros include Sergio Garcia, Ian Poulter, Lee Westwood, Martin Kaymer, Graeme McDowell, Hudson Swafford, Kevin Na, Talor Gooch, Richard Bland, Sam Horsfield and Louis Oosthuizen. In their decision in the DP World Tour case, British arbitrators said pointedly that the independent contractor argument was overplayed., Individual players have to accept some limitation on their freedoms inherent in tour membership, the panel said. The.
After chaotic week, LIV Golf has pro game in disarray. What's next? Though the PGL concept still exists, and officials behind the venture reportedly have reached out to the PGA Tour about forming a partnership, its prospects have faded with the emergence of LIV Golf.
Why did the PGA Tour and LIV Golf merge? Here's a full breakdown The 48 participants are also split into 12 four-man teams, selected by a team captain via draft before the event begins. Last week, Blumenthal and Johnson said Norman and al-Rumayyan have "scheduling conflicts," making them unavailable for the hearing. They're trying to do right by this country. I'm not sure I even want [the SGL] to succeed, but just the idea of it is allowing us to get things done with the [PGA] Tour.". Top 100 Courses in the U.S.: GOLFs all-new 2022-23 ranking is here! Founded in 2021, LIV Golf named the aforementioned Norman as its CEO in October, followed by a number of former executives from the PGA Tour and other sports affiliations. Beyond the past major champions like Koepka, Mickelson and Smith, there are also players like Lee Westwood, formerly the worlds top-ranked golfer, the Ryder Cup stalwart Ian Poulter and Mito Pereira, who came tantalizingly close to winning a major in 2022. The overall individual champion will be announced at the end of the tournament based on the points secured throughout the season. The eighth event will offer $30 million for the top three players of the season, with another $50 million for teams in total prize funds. The series made headlines as it was announced as the biggest golf tour in history. History is on its side. It represents a seismic moment for the sport, and the biggest change to the international golfing calendar in many years. Phil Mickelson's LIV controversy, explained: How support for Saudi-backed golf tour got star in hot water, Why Jack Nicklaus turned down $100 million from LIV Golf, Everything you need to know about the Greg Norman-run super league, Phil Mickelson reportedly incurred more than $40 million in gambling losses over four years, opting not to participate in the 2022 Masters. LIV Golfs organizers hope to position it as a player-focused alternative to the PGA Tour, which has been the highest level of mens pro golf for generations. Nevertheless, I see no constitutional power that suggests Congress should involve itself in golf, Paul said. Ethics and morals aside, a divided world at the sports top levels could have massive ramifications in the game. The PIF is essentially the financial arm of the Saudi Arabia government, which has been accused of numerous human-rights violations. Phil Mickelsen is one of the major winners to join LIV Golf Series(Adrian Dennis/AFP via Getty. May 22, 2023 The Saudi-financed, controversy-trailed LIV Golf series has been the talk of men's golf since its launch last year. Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., chairman of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, also announced another investigation into the PGA Tour-LIV Golf agreement last month. There is no cut, and golfers will all play at the same time, with a shotgun start in use. Phil Mickelson, a six-time major tournament winner, is being paid a reported $200 million to take part, and Dustin Johnson, a Masters and U.S. Open champion, was said to have been tempted by an offer worth $150 million. The tour's CEO is Greg Norman, a 68-year-old former golfer who was once the top player in the world and won 20 times on the PGA Tour, including two . Former AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson has resigned from his post on the influential policy board of the PGA Tour in protest to the proposed merger with Saudi-backed LIV Golf . LIV Golf is backed by Saudi Arabias Public Investment Fund, which is among the most lucrative sovereign wealth funds in the world, with an estimated value of $600 billion. The PGA Tour has retained the loyalties of other stars, though. So far, the first three events of the scheduled eight events have concluded successfully. Regarding players who may choose to play in London this week, we simply asked ourselves this questionshould a player who had earned his way into the 2022 U.S. Open, via our published field criteria, be pulled out of the field as a result of his decision to play in another event?
LIV golf is a new breakaway golf league set up to rival the traditional PGA and DP World Tours. The tour will also award a $50,000 bonus for any player who reaches 15 starts during the 2021-22 season. LIV has set up what are essentially shorter tournaments with smaller fields three rounds instead of four, and with only 48 players competing instead of the rosters on the PGA Tour, which can be three times as large some weeks and featuring concurrent individual and team play events. They are one-in-a-million athetes. What is the LIV golf series, and why is it controversial? That is one fewer round than a typical PGA Tour workweek, but it pays a lot more money. It's being financed by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund, with clear links to the regime in Saudi Arabia. But what exactly is it? The series, which Saudi Arabias sovereign wealth fund bankrolled with at least $2 billion, has presented itself as an opportunity to reinvigorate golf through rich paydays, star players, team competition and slick marketing. Even golfs best players (and former President Donald Trump) disagree on the merits of the Saudi-financed golf tour. LIV Golf CEO Greg Norman said in an interview with the Washington Post that Woods turned down a "mind-blowingly enormous" offer from LIV Golf that was "about high nine digits." Golfer Rory McIlroy . More about Andrew Das, A version of this article appears in print on. The dispute between the PGA Tour and the Saudi-funded LIV Golf series has the attention of the U.S. Department of Justice, according to the Wall Street Journal, and the PGA Tour said Monday it was . Dunne said attorneys would lose money and golf would be the ultimate beneficiary. "We talked about that in terms of antitrust and maybe once there's a deal, to come back and take a look at this. On March 15, LIV Golf announced an eight-tournament, $255 million seriescalled the LIV Golf Invitationalthat will kick off at the Centurion Club outside of London the week before the U.S. Open starting June 9. Phil Mickelson has also jumped to LIV Golf and will play in the London event, ending the 51-year-olds three-month sabbatical from golf. A visibly bewildered Price repeated his talking points about his association facing difficult choices and maintaining overall dominance of the sport. When someone essentially asked Johnson ahead of the Masters this spring to compare Orange County National Golf Center, where LIV had just held a tournament, to Augusta National, he replied: I dont think you could have those in the same sentence, other than I played there last week and Im playing here this week.. If we do nothing they're going to end up owning golf if we don't. article ul li { list-style: disc; padding: 5px 0; } "Dustins been contemplating this for the past two years and decided it was in his and his familys best interest to pursue it," Winkle said.
PGA Tour, LIV Golf merger explanation, timeline, details - NBC10 More than 100 people, including families of 9/11 victims, filled the Hart Senate Office Building hearing room for the morning session. The tour's chief operating officer, Ron Price, who is set to . "It was unsustainable. HuffPost's top politics stories, straight to your inbox. Blumenthal said Monahan, who remains on medical leave, is expected to return to his role later this month. Graeme McDowell was asked about the specifics of the country by AP reporter Rob Harris. CNN It came out of nowhere. Senior Foreign Affairs Reporter, HuffPost. Biography of Golf's Most Colorful Superstar," reported that Mickelson had called him and brought up the league. The Saudi-financed, controversy-trailed LIV Golf series has been the talk of mens golf since its launch last year. The tour has also successfully defended itself against antitrust claims from Morris Communications Corporation regarding the tours limitations on real-time scoring, and it prevailed in former tour player Harry Toscanos Clayton Act antitrust lawsuit against the Senior PGA Tour. "Bryson has always been an innovator, agent Brett Falkoff wrote to multiple outlets. MORE: Why Jack Nicklaus turned down $100 million from LIV Golf. As nice a guy as [PGA Tour commissioner Jay Monahan] comes across as, unless you have leverage, he won't do what's right. The PIF serves as the financial arm of the Saudi government, which has committed numerous human-rights violations. ", He added: "I'm concerned with exactly what the senators are worried about, [but] I'm more concerned, though. Department officials have been especially interested in whether the PGA Tours threats of discipline undermined the integrity of golfs labor market and in the ties between the tour and the organizers of major tournaments. July 11 (UPI) -- Representatives from the PGA Tour defended the controversial, proposed alliance with Saudi-financed LIV Golf in testimony before the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations on Tuesday, "For the time being, I would recommend we give these guys the space to negotiate something.
PGA Tour defends LIV Golf deal before Senate hearing - CNBC ", The Saudis' Public Investment Fund, which finances LIV Golf and is valued at more than $600 billion, plans to combine its golf-related commercial businesses and rights with those of the other tours into a "collectively owned, for-profit entity.". 12 2022, Published 1:37 p.m.
LIV Golf series: Everything you need to know | CNN Rickie Fowler has also telegraphed interest in the LIV Golf concept. By Paige Skinner. Officially known as the LIV Golf Invitational Series, the Saudi-funded league will stage its first tournament this week at Centurion Club, near London. Bryon DeChambeau and Patrick Reed are reported to be committed to the league as well. Marshall asked him again: Whos gaining from this financially, and with power?. Blumenthal made it clear that Tuesdays session represented just an initial step in an ongoing investigation, given the stakes of the issue. But the endeavor was squashed as then-PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem flexed both the tours legal chops and standing in the game. Another proposal included allowing PGA Tour stars Rory McIlroy and Tiger Woods the opportunities to own LIV Golf teams and participate in at least 10 LIV Golf events.
Who is playing it? An assistant editor in Sports, he helps direct coverage of soccer, the Olympics and international sports. Im in a way better financial position than I was a decade ago and my life is no different. Interlocutor Roger Devlin wrote to Dunne on April 14: I believe we have a window of opportunity to unify the game over the next couple of months, otherwise I fear the Saudis will doubledown [sic] on their investment and golf will be split asunder in perpetuity., Dunne told senators that he prioritized negotiation with PIF chief Yasir Al-Rumayyan, repeatedly calling him the man with the money. But according to experts on Saudi Arabia and. The opening event will be hosted at the Centurion Club in St Albans on Thursday.
What the LIV Golf series was actually like on the ground LIV Golf: What to know about the controversial Saudi-backed league The last time Mickelson appeared in a PGA tournament was the Farmers Insurance Open in January. Mickelson has been dealing with fallout from comments he made about the Saudi Arabia-based golf league, LIV Golf, and for his criticism of the PGA Tour. Thomas Pieters, left, Talor Gooch, Bubba Watson and Harold Varner III after a team event in Singapore in April. Heres what you need to know. Dunne called a potential agreement a "win-win" situation and said he is "deeply concerned" that the lack of pact could lead to more players defecting to LIV Golf and "destroying" the PGA Tour. LIV is laden with controversy, being bankrolled as it is by the nation of Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund, but with an eye-popping prize fund of $25 million for its first event $4. They can. Several PGA Tour pros are in the field at the first LIV Golf event, headlined by Dustin Johnson and Phil Mickelson. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. All told, four players in the top 50 are among the participantsJohnson (13), Oosthuizen (20), Na (33) and Gooch (35)and 16 of the top 100.
What Is "LIV" Golf? The Golf Tour Is Steeped in Controversy - Distractify At the same time, Yahoo Sports reported that there were concerns that Mickelson might go all-in for the LIV Golf Invitational Series, and that he had already registered for the eight events. Bryson DeChambeau, Brooks Koepka, Patrick Reed, Kevin Na, Dustin Johnson, Sergio Garca, Martin Kaymer, Graeme McDowell, Louis Oosthuizen, Charl Schwartzel, and Lee Westwood are among the athletes that defected to the Saudi-backed league. They also questioned the new entity's tax compliance and received more information about active negotiations between the parties. One of LIVs biggest signings, Mickelson, provoked outrage when he praised the series as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity even as he called Saudi Arabias record on human rights horrible and used an expletive to emphasize a description of the countrys leaders as scary. Norman made things worse soon after later when he dismissed Saudi Arabias murder and dismemberment of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi by saying, Look, weve all made mistakes.. Other iterations of a world tour have come and gone without much fanfare. Saudi Arabia is among the resource-rich Persian Gulf states that have turned toward sports to raise their profiles, reshape their reputations and develop their economies in new ways. What's all the hubbub,. The PGA of America was direct in its answer, with CEO Seth Waugh stating at the 2021 PGA Championship that those players who joined the rival league would not be allowed in future PGA Championships or Ryder Cups. But the tournament organizers have taken no steps to ban LIV players explicitly. So moments after the players hit their first LIV shots, the tour dropped the hammer. Republican senators at a congressional hearing rushed to defend a controversial deal that would give Saudi Arabia unprecedented influence over professional golf. LIVGolf.com, YouTube and Facebook will carry live streaming coverage of the tournament. GOLF DIGEST MAY EARN A PORTION OF SALES FROM PRODUCTS THAT ARE PURCHASED THROUGH OUR SITE AS PART OF OUR AFFILIATE PARTNERSHIPS WITH RETAILERS. Rory McIlroy called the comments, "nave, selfish, egotistical, ignorant," and sponsors began to drop Mickelson, including Callaway Golf, Workday, KPMG and Amstel Light. Heres everything you need to know. What is LIV Golf, and why is it proving to be so controversial? In addition to the lawsuit LIV is waging against the PGA Tour, the Justice Department is conducting an antitrust investigation into mens professional golf. https://www.nytimes.com/article/liv-golf-saudi-arabia-pga.html, Montana Pritchard/LIV Golf/LIVGO, via Associated Press. The LIV Golf Invitational Series is a new tour supported by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund.
The LIV Golf Controversy Raises Critical Antitrust Questions They have openly criticized the newly introduced LIV Golf series. More about Tariq Panja, Andrew Das joined The Times in 2006. Modified Aug 25, 2022 07:35 GMT Follow Us LIV Golf Invitational - Bedminster - Day One (Image via Getty) The inaugural season of the multimillion-dollar LIV Golf Series began in June. Johnson sought to justify their arguments, in one instance saying he believed the deal had been negotiated in such intense secrecy so it would not be scuttled by greedy attorneys seeking to prolong the spat. The tour is adamant they have the legal authority to issue disciplinary measures, and Norman has openly expressed his desires for players to challenge that authority. The threat of a competing Saudi Arabia-backed professional golf league has floated like a storm on the games horizon for the better part of two years. Should the list of LIV Golf defectors not grow from the initial London field list, the PGA Tour would be fine; only Johnson qualifies as a player with notable accomplishments that remains in his relative prime. "Hes never had any issue with the PGA Tour and is grateful for all its given him but in the end felt this was too compelling to pass up.. McKinsey and Co. consultants privately told the wealth fund that a golf league could be earning revenues of at least $1.4 billion a year by the end of the decade or be losing hundreds of millions of dollars. What is LIV Golf and what's all the controversy about? Interestingly, $30 million from the prize purse is set aside for the top three players. The first event in the planned seven-event series takes place from June 9-11. It's only a couple of hundred players [on the PGA Tour].". Phil Mickelson on the 14th hole ahead of the LIV Golf Invitational on June 8, 2022, in St Albans. He says not, The inside story of how LIV Golf vs. the PGA Tour began, 5 challenges LIV Golf faces in fight for TV rights, 'You could just tell:' How Jim Bones Mackay landed on Phil Mickelsons bag, Greg Norman opens up on Rory McIlroy, the R&A and his 'moral line', Report: LIV Golf exploring Fox Sports deal to buy airtime for events, 'I think it's just fair': Why this pro believes LIV events deserve World Ranking points, The lawsuit against the PGA Tour just lost its star plaintiff: Phil Mickelson. MORE: Phil Mickelson reportedly incurred more than $40 million in gambling losses over four years, Not long after Shipnuck's initial report was published, Mickelson apologized for the comments, claiming they were made in an "off-record" interview and that his comments were shared "out of context and without my consent." LIV Golf is funded by the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia, the Public Investment Fund, and it is said to have assets of over $620bn. The US-based PGA Tour said its merger. He used his time to invite the PGA Tour officials to describe how they benefit Americas economy. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Dunne paused and thought.
LIV Golf: Controversial Saudi-backed golf tournament to begin Friday at PGA Tour board member Randall Stephenson quits over deal with LIV Golf Phil Mickelson will not have the chance to repeat as a back-to-back winner at the PGA Championship. He also said he would be taking time away from golf to "prioritize the ones I love most and work on being the man I want to be. July 11 (UPI) -- Representatives from the PGA Tour defended the controversial, proposed alliance with Saudi-financed LIV Golf in testimony before the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations on Tuesday. ", A Statement from Phil Mickelson pic.twitter.com/2saaXIxhpu. The series also has a hefty prize purse of $285 million.
Department of Justice reportedly probes PGA-LIV Golf dispute - Los In October 2021, the PIF purchased an 80-percent stake in Newcastle United, a Premier League soccer club. Prior to joining the team at GOLF, he attended the University of Texas followed by stops with the Texas Golf Association, Team USA, the Green Bay Packers and the PGA Tour. The LIV Tour series is backed by the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salmans Public Investment Fund (PIF). But Johnson said the clause is standard, and argued that legislators should allow the PGA Tour and the Saudi fund to finalize their agreement before judging it. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Ron Johnson, R-Wis., the chair and ranking member, respectively, of the subcommittee, as well as other senators. The players involved can expect many more questions like that over the coming weeks and months. Moreover, LIV players routinely argue that they should be viewed as independent contractors and free to play whenever and wherever they choose. Perhaps most importantly, Tiger Woods pledged his loyalty to the PGA Tour at the end of 2021. The hearing, titled, The PGA-LIV Deal: Implications for the Future of Golf and Saudi Arabia's influence in the United States, lasted about 3 hours and can be viewed online. Your login session has expired. Though questions have arisen if the tour can lawfully ban a player for life, legal experts confirmed to Golf Digest that the PGA Tour would likely win any battle challenging its authority to do so. In an attempt to cleanse its reputation, the Saudi government has invested heavily in sports organizations and events, ranging from Premier League soccer to the WWE, a practice colloquially known as sportswashing. Sportwashing is commonly utilized as a propaganda technique to to distract the public from its violations and abuses. Because it isn't that big. Why is it called 'LIV'? The project, surrounded by controversies, held its first event at the Centurion Golf club in London from June 9-11.
Why Is LIV Golf So Controversial? There was a 2015 class-action lawsuit brought by caddies against the tour using antitrust and intellectual property claims, an effort that proved unsuccessful. I offended people, and I am deeply sorry for my choice of words. It Depends Whom You Ask.
Rory McIlroy condemns LIV Golf for 'ripping the game apart' after The concept of the league was to. Give them give them the space to negotiate a deal. The only way to catch LIV Golfs London event is online. The PGA Tour confirmed last July that the Department of Justice also was investigating the PGA Tour for anti-competitive behavior in connection to LIV Golf. Representatives from the PGA Tour defended the controversial, proposed alliance with Saudi-financed LIV Golf in testimony before the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations on Tuesday, I asked how the sovereign wealth funded series will help those who have been killed, oppressed and suffered by Saudi actions.\n\nhttps://t.co/lLxnCCQsqm\u201d. Having the opportunity to get in on the ground floor of something unique has always been intriguing to him. Now the PGA Tour says joining forces with the Saudis will allow it to maintain overall control of the game and Republican lawmakers seem determined to echo that assertion. Perhaps the biggest unknown is how Augusta National, the PGA of America, the USGA and the R&A will respond to players siding with LIV Golf; specifically, if LIV Golf players will still be allowed to compete in the Masters, PGA Championship, U.S. Open and the Open Championship. "They've got a management team that wants to destroy the Tour," Dunne said of LIV Golf. ET The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) has stepped up to investigate the PGA Tour over alleged monopolistic behavior in the professional golf ecosystem. It has also been reported that Bryson DeChambeau, Patrick Reed and Rickie Fowler are set to join the series. "It's about how a brutal, repressive regime can buy influence, indeed even take over a cherished American institution to cleanse its public image. On Tuesday, May 31, LIV Golf announced the players who signed up for the opener in London, an event that is headlined by Dustin Johnson. The PGA Tour has long, close links to the organizers of the four major tournaments: the British Open, the Masters, the P.G.A. And the Saudi money has finally given us that leverage. Instead, it's the Roman numeral for 54. LIV Golf is part of a larger, trillions-dollar investment strategy with an overall goal to diversify the country's economy. Republican senators at a congressional hearing rushed to defend a controversial deal that would give Saudi Arabia unprecedented influence over professional golf. The league is run by LIV Golf Investments, which is backed by Public Investment Fund (PIF), which is essentially the financial arm of the Saudi Arabian government. Copyright 2023 Sporting News Holdings Limited. Five of the events will be held in the United States. The concept of the league was to draw the top golfers in the world away from the PGA with eight- and nine-figure payments just to join.
What is the LIV Golf Series? Let's look at the Saudi-funded venture Each event will be a three-round, 54-hole competition with no cuts. The PGL was the first of the groups to coalesce in 2020, backed at the time by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia.
LIV Golf, PGA merger controversy "We have an agreement to possibly get to an agreement.". The tour is helmed by CEO Greg Norman, a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
The punishments were not a surprise: The tour had clearly signaled that it would take action against any of its players who joined. Youve achieved in a really bad situation, between a rock and a hard place you carved out a win-win situation.. In LIVs first year tournaments were shown online and on lesser-watched streaming services in much of the world. The most controversial tournament right now in sport gets under way on Thursday - and it threatens to blow apart men's professional golf. LIV Golf organizers scheduled 14 events for 2023. Other notable names in the field include Louis Oosthuizen, Sergio Garcia, Lee Westwood, Talor Gooch, Martin Kaymer, Kevin Na and Ian Poulter. He assists on all things instruction and covers amateur and womens golf. At the Players Championship, the tours flagship event, Monahan said Were moving on, adding All this talk about the league and about money has been distracting to our players, our partners and most importantly our fans. No broadcast partner has been announced, although more than a few eyebrows were raised when former FOX Sports President David Hill was signed by LIV Golf; mentioned above, Murdochs FOX Sports was originally aligned with Normans WGT in the mid-1990s. The source of the money, Saudi Arabia's PIF, has led to queries and criticism aimed at organizers and players about choosing to play . As of writing, here are those scheduled to appear at the London opener: Oliver Bekker, Richard Bland, Laurie Canter, TK Chantananuwat, Hennie Du Plessis, Oliver Fisher, Sergio Garcia, Talor Gooch, Branden Grace, Justin Harding, Sam Horsfield, Dustin Johnson, Matt Jones, Sadom Kaewkanjana, Martin Kaymer, Phachara Khongwatmai, Sihwan Kim, Ryosuke Kinoshita, Chase Koepka, Jinichiro Kozuma, Pablo Larrazabal, Graeme McDowell, Jediah Morgan, Kevin Na, Shaun Norris, Andy Ogletree, Louis Oosthuizen, Wade Ormsby, Adrian Otaegui, Turk Pettit, James Piot, Ian Poulter, David Puig, JC Ritchie, Charles Schwartzel, Hudson Swafford, Hideto Tanihara, Peter Uihlein, Scott Vincent, Lee Westwood, Bernd Wiesberger, Blake Windred. As the top Republican on the Senate permanent subcommittee on investigations, which hosted the hearing, Johnson had extensive time to offer remarks. LIV Golf aspired to have its own global professional tour, often referred to as the Super Golf League. The PGL attempted to achieve a partnership with the European Tour but failed, with the Euro Tour eventually agreeing to a strategic alliance with the PGA Tour.
L Rademacher Estay Rate My Professor Pdf,
Mia Dolcea Moscato Near Me,
Homes For Lease In Shadow Creek, Buda, Tx,
Articles W