BOTKOV .M., 2007, K voprosu o tradicionnoj politieskoj kulture turkmen (xix-xx vv. They also included the cadres from other regions, such as Yomuts (Annamuhammet Klyev, the long-term head of the Turkmen SSR Supreme Soviet Presidium in 1963-1978), or Mary-Teke (Ma Mollaeva, the Central Committee Secretary for Ideology), or Northern Turkmenistan (Bally zkuliev, the deputy head of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1975-1978, Turkmen SSR Supreme Soviet Presidium in 1978-1987) (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.349; Sitnnskij, 2011). Some figures from Agzybirlik and other movements who attempted to express their opinions in more open Moscow media were often subject to the prophylactic interviews back in Ashgabat or even dismissed from their positions (Rashid, 1994, p.196). As the formation of political culture and new ways of thinking are firmly connected with political psychology (psychology of the leader), I am also grateful to my colleague Jiri Sipek from the Department of Psychology, Charles University, in Prague. The Communist Party of Turkmenistan was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Niyazov understood his role in the Soviet centre as well as his position within the Turkmen elite. In 1992 an Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Communist Party was founded but the party was not legalized. GOVERNMENT OF TURKMENISTAN | Facts and Details This process depends substantially on the presidents background and personal character. This paranoid approach and his own loneliness without a firm anchor in the republic led him to the position of resistance to any attempts at alternative development. He was replaced and later sacked by Gapurov (Kadyrov, 2003a, pp. As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenistan had followed the MarxistLeninist ideology governed by the republic's sole party, Communist Party of Turkmenistan, a republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. A non-Akhal-Teke ruler in Akhal-Teke Ashgabat (and its surroundings) served as the loyalty guarantee of the First Secretary to the Moscow centre. Les islamistes dAsie centrale : un dfi aux tats indpendants ? Trained as an engineer in St. Petersburg, then Leningrad, he came to power in 1985 when then Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev installed him as first secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic with a mandate to curb corruption there. [8] The nationalities policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) fostered the development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted Russification. Once Boris Yeltsin increased his position, Niyazov turned his support to him in the last months of the Soviet Union (Ryblov, 2004, p.9). According to Rashid, the first protests in Ashgabat took place as early as 1987, when about 2,000 veterans of the Soviet Afghan conflict took to the streets (Rashid, 1994, p.196), although the event took place within the first meeting of Afghan veterans, including a festival of Afghan songs (Rokov, 2015). Le Turkestan russe: une colonie comme les autres? He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1977. Constituent republic of the Soviet Union (19251991), Location of Turkmenistan (red) within the, , "State Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic", , First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan, Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars, Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. However, the years immediately before the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that expanded through the whole of Turkestan. On the ideological level he usurped the oppositions topics and presented them as his own. The movement was only able to appeal to the public to vote for the preservation of the USSR during the referendum in 1991 (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.44). [2] In 1897 a similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans. Similar voices were heard in many other Soviet republics in which the local language was proclaimed as the primary one. 1,803 Ideologically, Niyazov adopted some of the most important topics of the potentially most influential alternative groups. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman. Gapurov had been accused of nepotism, flattery and careerism (Rashid, 1994, p.195). Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces invaded Khorazm, destroying many settlements and killing hundreds of Turkmens. The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. [2] In 1881 the Russians under General Mikhail Skobelev besieged and captured Geok Tepe, one of the last Turkmen strongholds, northwest of Ashgabat. SALAMATOV M., 1997, Telo byt elovekom, turkmenom telee [It is hard to be a man, even harder to be a Turkmen], Turkmeny. ), Turkmenistan: Gosudarstvenna politika i prava eloveka 1995-1998 [Turkmenistan: State politics and human rights 1995-1998], Moscow: Memorial [http://www.memo.ru/hr/politpr/turk/psihiatr.htm]. [2], Ruling party of the Turkmen SSR (19241991). , 2003a, Naci plemen. Such actions affirmed Niyazovs disgust at any liberal discussion. He also surrounded himself with the people who always agreed with his ideas. Summarize this article for a 10 years old, The Communist Party of Turkmenistan (Russian: ; Turkmen: Trkmenistany Kommunistik Partiasy) was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [3] Modest industrial capabilities were developed, and limited exploitation of Turkmenistan's natural resources was initiated. Many people from the intelligentsia of that time refused contribution to the journal as it presented open anti-Niyazov views (Berdyev, 2006). "Turkmen Leader Unhurt in Attack by Gunman", Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan, Organisation of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan, Magtymguly Youth Organisation of Turkmenistan, The Turkmen socio-political movement Vatan, People's Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan, The Liberal Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan_(1998)&oldid=1157870759, Communist parties in the former Soviet Union, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 31 May 2023, at 13:53. 130-131). [8], When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen. It was founded as the Socialist Power Party ( Turkish: Sosyalist ktidar Partisi, SP) on 16 August 1993. [2] From there and other points, they marched on and subdued the Khiva Khanate in 1873. MILLER John H., 1977, Cadres Policy in Nationality Areas: Recruitment of cpsu First and Second Secretaries in Non-Russian Republics of the ussr, Soviet Studies 29(1), pp. In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the . As Akmurad Velsapar pointed out, the history of Agzybirlik is the history of tragic opposition of leading representatives of Turkmen intelligentsia against Soviet totalitarianism (cited by Salamatov, 1997). . 170-175. These cadres tended rather to conserve than to innovate the system. In 1992 an Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Communist Party was founded but the party was not . The political culture analysed above did not make the development of reformist movements or even political fractions easy. His negative attitude towards perestroika and glasnost was fully confirmed by his steps after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Open arrest was applied from 1990. 3 Niyazov was affiliated to Jewish (Tollyev, 2002), Kurdish-Iranian (Mitrokhin & Ponomarev, 1996) and even Arabic origin (Kadyrov, 2001b, p.17). The only option for keeping power over the place was to use protectionist politics towards his kin, who were fully entrenched in the political culture of non-elite Turkmen hierarchy (Botkov, 2007, p.150). In 4 volumes, Vol. WikiMatrix President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov, a former bureaucrat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head . [5] Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. Turkmenistan - Saparmyrat Niyazov - GlobalSecurity.org Many Turkmens were self-dependent, contributing to the low impact of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika on Turkmenistan. Former Archive of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan. These changes had two principal goals ousting Gapurov and his allies and raising his authority within the Ashgabat elites. Akmurad Velsapar also noticed that people from the regions were not represented at any potential meeting in Ashgabat (foreign territory for them), if they do not dominate in opposition movement (Velsapar, 1997, cited by Kadyrov, 2003a, p.148). It was dissolved in December 1991 and reconstituted as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan that has ruled the country since then. , 2002a, Demokratieskoe razvitie v Turkmenistane: Ocenka situacii, perspektivy, predloeni (k razrabotke koncepcii reform vlasti) [The Democratic Development in Turkmenistan. In 1869, the Russian Empire established its presence in present-day Turkmenistan, creating a new sea port named Krasnovodsk (now Trkmenbay). ANONYMOUS, 2006, Kak isezala turkmenska oppozici [How did Turkmen opposition disappear], Gazeta.ru, 21 December [http://www.gazeta.ru/2006/12/21/oa_227221.shtml]. Ahmed Rashid considered Turkmenistan as potentially one of the most unstable states within Central Asia (Rashid, 1994, p.205). Central committee - Wikiwand , 2002, Postsovetskij Turkmenistan [The Post-Soviet Turkmenistan], Moscow: Natalis. [citation needed] Opposition was fierce and resulted in the death of large numbers of Turkmen. [5] Some religious customs, such as Muslim burial and male circumcision, continued to be practiced throughout the Soviet period, but most religious belief, knowledge, and customs were preserved only in rural areas in "folk form" as a kind of unofficial Islam not sanctioned by the state-run Spiritual Directorate.[5]. As mentioned above, the cadre changes promoted Akhal-Teke middle-ranking powerful figures into the highest positions in the republic in the mid-1980s. [2] In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk (now Trkmenbay). On 27 October 1991, it declared its independence and Turkmen SSR was renamed to Turkmenistan. Niyazov apparently understood that his mission as the First Secretary was determined by Moscow in order to satisfy the demands of the Akhal-Teke regional group and, at the same time, maintain the position of the republican leader loyal to Moscow (Kadyrov, 2003a, pp. Khronika trevonykh dnej, Moscow: Progress. "Turkmenistan: Soviet Turkmenistan". Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Facts for Kids In, Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. . The special focus is on the transformation of the elite, power structures and political culture under Saparmurat Niyazov and the emergence and struggle of the alternative groups trying to challenge the order established under the last First Secretary. He was replaced and later sacked by Gapurov (Kadyrov, 2003a, pp. The only option for keeping power over the place was to use protectionist politics towards his kin, who were fully entrenched in the political culture of non-elite Turkmen hierarchy (Botkov, 2007, p.150). Muhammetnazar Gapurov understood the threat coming from the Ashgabat elite group. Enciklopedieskij spravonik. Agzybirlik tried to establish itself as a national movement but was definitively banned (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.92, , 1991). The First Secretaries of the respective republican Communist Party were appointed for a long time period in the 1960s. This agreement established the pernament Russian-Persian border, which became the present-day border between Turkmenistan and Iran. The politics of Turkmenia took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. Some facts on human rights violations by the S. Niyazov regime], Bergen: Biblioteka Almanakha Turkmeny [http:// turkmeny.h1.ru/cronik/cr1.html]. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings b. Moscow was, however, not interested in the strengthening of this single group dominance within the republic. NIZOV Saparmurat, 1994, Nezavisimost, demokrati, blagopoluie [Independence, democracy, wellbeing], Ashgabat: Rukh. Cleaning the elite from the Gapurov period, Niyazov also understood that his best allies (both in Moscow and within the republic) could easily become his enemies.
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